Variations on a Rococo Theme Op. 33, is a work by Peter I. Tchaikovsky (Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky), which was composed in 1876 and is considered one of his best-known and most frequently performed works for cello and orchestra.

The ‘Variations on a Rococo Theme’ were written at the request of the famous cellist Wilhelm Fitzenhagen, who later gave them their final form after Tchaikovsky had presented an initial version of the work. Fitzenhagen, who was to introduce the work as a performer, made a number of changes that influenced the structure and tempo of the variations. The final version largely corresponded to Fitzenhagen's ideas, which Tchaikovsky did not like, however.

The work was composed at a time when Tchaikovsky was strongly influenced by 18th-century music and classical styles, especially the so-called Rococo era (which represents the end of the 18th century and is characterised by elegant, refined music). Tchaikovsky himself presented the work as a homage to the ‘Rococo period’, although its musical language is strongly influenced by Romanticism.